66 - Prisma ORM 教程

适用人群：Node.js/TypeScript开发者

难度：中等

预计学习时间：10-15小时

什么是 Prisma？

Prisma 是 Node.js 和 TypeScript 生态中最流行的 ORM，通过声明式 Schema 定义数据库模型，自动生成类型安全的查询客户端。

核心用法

// prisma/schema.prisma
generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
}

datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
}

model User {
  id        String   @id @default(cuid())
  email     String   @unique
  name      String?
  avatar    String?
  posts     Post[]
  profile   Profile?
  createdAt DateTime @default(now())
  updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt
}

model Profile {
  id     String  @id @default(cuid())
  bio    String?
  userId String  @unique
  user   User    @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id])
}

model Post {
  id        String   @id @default(cuid())
  title     String
  content   String?
  published Boolean  @default(false)
  author    User     @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  authorId  String
  tags      Tag[]
  createdAt DateTime @default(now())
  updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt

  @@index([authorId])
}

model Tag {
  id    String @id @default(cuid())
  name  String @unique
  posts Post[]
}

// 使用 Prisma Client
import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client'

const prisma = new PrismaClient()

// 创建
const user = await prisma.user.create({
  data: {
    email: 'alice@example.com',
    name: 'Alice',
    profile: { create: { bio: 'Hello!' } },
    posts: {
      create: [
        { title: '第一篇文章', content: '内容...' },
        { title: '第二篇文章', published: true }
      ]
    }
  },
  include: { profile: true, posts: true }
})

// 查询
const posts = await prisma.post.findMany({
  where: {
    published: true,
    author: { name: { contains: 'Alice' } }
  },
  include: { author: true, tags: true },
  orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
  take: 10,
  skip: 0
})

// 更新
const updated = await prisma.post.update({
  where: { id: 'post-id' },
  data: { published: true },
  include: { author: true }
})

// 删除
await prisma.post.delete({ where: { id: 'post-id' } })

// 聚合
const stats = await prisma.post.aggregate({
  _count: true,
  _avg: { id: true },
  where: { published: true }
})

// 事务
const [user, profile] = await prisma.$transaction([
  prisma.user.create({ data: { email: 'bob@test.com', name: 'Bob' } }),
  prisma.profile.create({ data: { bio: 'Hi!', userId: 'xxx' } })
])

// 原生SQL
const results = await prisma.$queryRaw`
  SELECT u.name, COUNT(p.id) as post_count
  FROM "User" u
  LEFT JOIN "Post" p ON u.id = p."authorId"
  GROUP BY u.name
  ORDER BY post_count DESC
`

# 常用命令
npx prisma init                    # 初始化
npx prisma db push                 # 推送Schema到数据库
npx prisma migrate dev --name init # 创建迁移
npx prisma generate                # 生成客户端
npx prisma studio                  # 打开图形化工具
npx prisma db seed                 # 执行种子数据

与其他ORM对比

推荐资源